Main Article Content
Abstract
Skilled and qualified healthcare professionals provide antenatal care to expectant mothers. Antenatal care identifies, prevents, and manages pregnancy-related problems. This study evaluated the prevalence and factors related to late antenatal care in the Dormaa Central Municipality in the Bono Region of Ghana. This health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Municipality from March 2022 to July 2022. A total of 400 pregnant women were enlisted using a convenience sampling technique and made to answer a structured questionnaire developed for the study. Data were processed with SPSS version 26 to conduct descriptive and inferential statistics and identify the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The study found that the prevalence of late initiation of antenatal care was 42.5%. The education level of pregnant women influenced late antenatal care initiation. Pregnant women's gravidity and parity level were also associated with late antenatal care initiation. Pregnant women who were uninformed of the correct time and husbands' influence were also associated with late antenatal care initiation in the Municipality. The study concluded that most pregnant women who started antenatal care late did so because of their level of education, obstetric circumstances, unawareness, and husbands' influence, which have significant health consequences on the mother and unborn child. It is important that health policymakers and implementers in the country promote and expand health educational programmes for pregnant women to raise their antenatal care visit awareness. Husbands should be encouraged to help with early antenatal care initiation of their pregnant wives. In addition, a qualitative investigation should be carried out to fully understand the reasons that delay pregnant women's commencement of antenatal care in the Dormaa Central Municipality.
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References
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- Appiah, P. K., Bukari, M., Yiri-Erong, S. N., Owusu, K., Atanga, G. B., Nimirkpen, S., … Adjuik, M. (2020). Antenatal care attendance and factors influenced birth weight of babies born between June 2017 and May 2018 in the Wa East District, Ghana. International Journal of Reproductive Medicine,1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1653076
- Aung, T., O, W., Khaing, W., Lwin, N., & Dar, H. (2016). Late initiation of antenatal care and its determinants: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 3 (4), 900–905. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20160926
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- Dorji, T., Das, M., Bergh, R. Van Den, Oo, M. M., Gyamtsho, S. & Tenzin, K. (2019).“ If we miss this chance, it's futile later on " late antenatal booking and its determinants in Bhutan : a mixed-methods study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 5, 1–13.
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- Muhwava, L. S., Morojele, N., & London, L. (2016). Psychosocial factors associated with early initiation and frequency of antenatal care ( ANC ) visits in a rural and urban setting in South Africa : a cross-sectional survey. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0807-1
- Ochako, R., Fotso, J., Ikamari, L., & Khasakhala, A. (2011). Utilization of maternal health services among young women in Kenya : Insights from the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, 2003. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 11 (1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-11-1
- Sarker, B. K., Rahman, T., Rahman, T., & Rahman, M. (2021). Factors associated with the timely initiation of antenatal care: Findings from a cross-sectional study in Northern Bangladesh. BMJ Open, 11 (12), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052886
- Tadele, F., Getachew, N., Fentie, K., & Amdisa, D. (2022). Late initiation of antenatal care and associated factors among pregnant women in Jimma Zone Public Hospitals, Southwest Ethiopia, 2020. BMC Health Services Research, 22 (1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08055-6
- Teklesilasie, W. & Deressa, W. (2018). Husbands’ involvement in antenatal care and its association with women’s utilization of skilled birth attendants in Sidama zone, Ethiopia: A prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18 (1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1954-3
- Tesfaye, G., Loxton, D., Chojenta, C., Semahegn, A., & Smith, R. (2017). Delayed initiation of antenatal care and associated factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive Health, 14 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-017-0412-4
- Tesfu, A. A., Aweke, A. M., Gela, G. B., Wudineh, K. G. & Beyene, F. Y. (2022). Factors associated with timely initiation of antenatal care among pregnant women in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study. Nursing Open, 9 (2), 1210–1217. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1162
- Tola, W., Negash, E., Sileshi, T., & Id, N. W. (2021). Late initiation of antenatal care and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic of Ilu Ababor Zone, southwest Ethiopia : A cross-sectional study. Journal.Pone 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/.0246230
- Wana, E. W. (2020). Predictors of prenatal iron-folic acid supplement utilization in Wolaita, South Ethiopia : a community-based cross-sectional study ( quantitative and qualitative approach ). BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 1–11.
- Wolde, H. F., Tsegaye, A. T., & Sisay, M. M. (2019). Late initiation of antenatal care and associated factors among pregnant women in Addis Zemen primary hospital, South. Reproductive Health 1–8.
- Yah, C. S., & Tambo, E. (2018). Why is mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV a continual threat to newborns in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)? Journal of Infection and Public Health, 11–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2018.10.008
References
Ali, N., Elbarazi, I., Alabboud, S., Al-maskari, F. & Loney, T. (2020). Antenatal care initiation among pregnant women in the United Arab Emirates: The Mutaba’ah study. Frontiers in Public Health 8, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00211
Appiah, P. K., Bukari, M., Yiri-Erong, S. N., Owusu, K., Atanga, G. B., Nimirkpen, S., … Adjuik, M. (2020). Antenatal care attendance and factors influenced birth weight of babies born between June 2017 and May 2018 in the Wa East District, Ghana. International Journal of Reproductive Medicine,1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1653076
Aung, T., O, W., Khaing, W., Lwin, N., & Dar, H. (2016). Late initiation of antenatal care and its determinants: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 3 (4), 900–905. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20160926
Barder, U. S., Selchau, K., Babuca, M., Bower, K., Castro, Y., Coakley, E. & Flores, A. (2020). First trimester prenatal care initiation among Hispanic women along. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 21 (1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-017-2374-0
Dorji, T., Das, M., Bergh, R. Van Den, Oo, M. M., Gyamtsho, S. & Tenzin, K. (2019).“ If we miss this chance, it's futile later on " late antenatal booking and its determinants in Bhutan : a mixed-methods study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 5, 1–13.
Elizabeth, S., G., Venyuy, M. A., Cumber, S. N., Nkfusai, C. N., Bede, F.Tebeu, P. M. (2020). Determinants to late antenatal clinic start among pregnant women: the case of Saint Elizabeth General Hospital, Shisong, Cameroon. Pamj 8688, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.11604/2020.35.112.18712
Ewunetie, A. A., Munea, A. M., Meselu, B. T., Simeneh, M. M., & Meteku, B. T. (2018). Delay on first antenatal care visit and its associated factors among pregnant women in public health facilities of Debre Markos town, North West Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18 (1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1748-7
Exavery, A., Kanté, A. M., Hingora, A., Mbaruku, G., Pemba, S. & Phillips, J. F. (2013). How mistimed and unwanted pregnancies affect the timing of antenatal care initiation in three districts in Tanzania. Pregnancy and Childbirth 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-13-35
Fobelets, M., Beeckman, K., Hoogewys, A., Embo, M., & Buyl, R. (2015). Predictors of late initiation for prenatal care in a metropolitan region in Belgium. A cohort study. Public Health, 129 (6), 648–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2015.03.008
Gebresilassie, B., Belete, T., Tilahun, W., Berhane, B., & Gebresilassie, S. (2019). Timing of first antenatal care attendance and associated factors among pregnant women in public health institutions of Axum town, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2017 : a mixed design study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 5, 1–11.
Gidey, G., Hailu, B., Nigus, K., Hailu, T., Woldegebriel, G., & Gerensea, H. (2017). Timing of first focused antenatal care booking and associated factors among pregnant mothers who attend antenatal care in Central Zone, Tigray, Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2938-5
Gross, K., Alba, S., Glass, T. R., Schellenberg, J. A., & Obrist, B. (2012). Timing of antenatal care for adolescent and adult pregnant women in south-eastern Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 12 (1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-12-16
Konje, E. T., Tito, M., Magoma, N., Hatfield, J., Kuhn, S., Sauve, R. S., & Dewey, D. M. (2018). Missed opportunities in antenatal care for improving the health of pregnant women and newborns in Geita district, Northwest Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 1–13.
Kotoh, A. M., & Boah, M. (2019). “ No visible signs of pregnancy, no sickness, no antenatal care " : Initiation of antenatal care in a rural district in Northern Ghana. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 1–13.
Mamo, Z. B., Kebede, S. S., Agidew, S. D., & Belay, M. M. (2021). Determinants of male partner involvement during antenatal care among pregnant women in gender zone, South Ethiopia: A case-control study. Annals of Global Health, 87 (1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3003
Mgata, S., & Maluka, S. O. (2019). Factors for late initiation of antenatal care in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19 (1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2576-0
Muhwava, L. S., Morojele, N., & London, L. (2016). Psychosocial factors associated with early initiation and frequency of antenatal care ( ANC ) visits in a rural and urban setting in South Africa : a cross-sectional survey. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0807-1
Ochako, R., Fotso, J., Ikamari, L., & Khasakhala, A. (2011). Utilization of maternal health services among young women in Kenya : Insights from the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, 2003. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 11 (1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-11-1
Sarker, B. K., Rahman, T., Rahman, T., & Rahman, M. (2021). Factors associated with the timely initiation of antenatal care: Findings from a cross-sectional study in Northern Bangladesh. BMJ Open, 11 (12), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052886
Tadele, F., Getachew, N., Fentie, K., & Amdisa, D. (2022). Late initiation of antenatal care and associated factors among pregnant women in Jimma Zone Public Hospitals, Southwest Ethiopia, 2020. BMC Health Services Research, 22 (1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08055-6
Teklesilasie, W. & Deressa, W. (2018). Husbands’ involvement in antenatal care and its association with women’s utilization of skilled birth attendants in Sidama zone, Ethiopia: A prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18 (1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1954-3
Tesfaye, G., Loxton, D., Chojenta, C., Semahegn, A., & Smith, R. (2017). Delayed initiation of antenatal care and associated factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive Health, 14 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-017-0412-4
Tesfu, A. A., Aweke, A. M., Gela, G. B., Wudineh, K. G. & Beyene, F. Y. (2022). Factors associated with timely initiation of antenatal care among pregnant women in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study. Nursing Open, 9 (2), 1210–1217. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1162
Tola, W., Negash, E., Sileshi, T., & Id, N. W. (2021). Late initiation of antenatal care and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic of Ilu Ababor Zone, southwest Ethiopia : A cross-sectional study. Journal.Pone 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/.0246230
Wana, E. W. (2020). Predictors of prenatal iron-folic acid supplement utilization in Wolaita, South Ethiopia : a community-based cross-sectional study ( quantitative and qualitative approach ). BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 1–11.
Wolde, H. F., Tsegaye, A. T., & Sisay, M. M. (2019). Late initiation of antenatal care and associated factors among pregnant women in Addis Zemen primary hospital, South. Reproductive Health 1–8.
Yah, C. S., & Tambo, E. (2018). Why is mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV a continual threat to newborns in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)? Journal of Infection and Public Health, 11–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2018.10.008