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Abstract
In order to accomplish organizational objectives, leaders work with subordinates to influence their behavior. This process is known as leadership. Organizational leaders and their leadership philosophies are largely responsible for organizations' success in achieving their goals and objectives throughout the world. Choosing the right leaders and leadership philosophies can have an impact on workers' dedication, job happiness, and output. Even though gender equality is a topic of discussion in the twenty-first century, women are still underrepresented in senior leadership and management roles in businesses worldwide. There is a strong professional argument for having a diverse mix of genders in senior and executive roles within contemporary companies. Research indicates that businesses with the best records for elevating women outperform their rivals in terms of profitability across the board. However, it seems doubtful that women are not achieving high-level positions. This is confirmed by an analysis of recent data on women in the workforce, research on the connection between gender diversity in senior management and business performance, and literature on gender behavioral differences in the workplace. The gender and salary disparity that still exists between men and women in senior leadership roles is examined in this article. It goes on to address several solutions that could be used to handle this situation.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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- Auster, E. (1992), Demystifying the glass ceiling: organizational and interpersonal dynamics of gender bias. Working Paper 4/92 Wharton Business School, York University, Ontario, Canada.
- African Business Leaders Forum, 2008 Leadership for Development. Business and
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- Catalyst New York, NY
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References
Adebowale, A. (1994), The glass ceiling: women and mentoring in management and
Business. Employee Counselling Today, 6 (1), 21-30.
Auster, E. (1992), Demystifying the glass ceiling: organizational and interpersonal dynamics of gender bias. Working Paper 4/92 Wharton Business School, York University, Ontario, Canada.
African Business Leaders Forum, 2008 Leadership for Development. Business and
Financial Times. Accra Ghana.
Applebaum, S.H., Audet, L. and Miller, J.C., (2003). Gender and leadership? Leadership gender? A journey through the landscape of theories. Leadership and organizational Journal, 24 (½), 43-51.
Andersen, A. J. & Hansson, P. H. (2011) At the end of the road? On differences between women and men in leadership behaviour. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 32 (5), 428 – 441.
Appelbaum, S.H., Asham, N. and Argheyd, K. (2011) Is the glass ceiling cracked
In information technology? A qualitative analysis: part 1. Industrial and Commercial Training, 43 (6),.354 – 361.
Aryee, S., Srinivas, E.S. and Tan, H.H. (2005), Rhythms of life: antecedents
and outcomes of work-family balance in employed parents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90 (1), 132-46.
Berthion Antal, A. and Krebsbach-Gnath, C. (1994).Women in management; east ,west and reunited, in Alder,N.J and Izreali, D.N (Eds.),Competitive Frontiers: women in a Global Economy, Basil Blackwell Ltd, Cambridge,MA.
Berthion, A.A. and Izreali, D.N. (1993). A global comparison of women managers in their homelands and as expatriates in
Burke, R.J., and Nelson, D.L. (2002).Advancing Women’s Careers, Blackwell, Malden,
MA.
Burke, Ronald and McKeen, Carol. (1996), “Do Women at the Top Make a Difference?” Gender proportionsand the Experience of Managerial and Professional Women Human RelationsVol.49 No.8 pp.1093-1104
Butterfield, D.A., & Parent, J.D. (2002) “Gender and managerial stereotypes: Have the
times changed?” Journal of Management, vol 28, pp.177-193.
Catalyst (2004), Women and Men in US Corporate Leadership; Same Workplace,
Different Realities?New York, NY.
Catalyst (2006), 2005 Catalyst Census of Women Board Directors of Fortune 500,
Catalyst New York, NY
Catalyst/Opportunity Now (2001), Breaking the Barriers; Women in Senior Management in the UK, Catalyst and Opportunity Now, New York, NY.
Cubillo, L. & Brown M. (2003). Women into educational leadership and management:
international differences? Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 41 (3) pp:278-291
Crampton, S.M. and Mishra, J.M. (1999) “Women in management.” Public personnel
Management, Vol. 28 No.1: 87-93.
Davidson, M. and Burke, R.J. (1994), Women in Management: Current Research issues, Paul Chapman, London.
DeMatteo, L.A (1994), from hierarchy to unity between men and women managers,
women in management review, vol.9 No.7:21-18.MCB University press.
Dipboye, R .L. (1987) Problems and Progress of Women in Management. In K.S
Kaziora, M.HMoskow, and L.D Tanner(eds),Working Women:past,present,future:118-153,Washington,DC:Bureau of National Affairs.
Dovidio, J. F. and Helb, M.R. (2005).Discrimination at the Level of the Individual:
Cognitive and Affective Factors. In DipboyeRL, Colella, A (Ecls), Discrimination at work (pp 11-35).Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
Dines, E. (Ed.). Women in Higher Education Management. Paris, UNESCO/ common
WealthSecretariate.
Dines, Elizabeth. (1993), “Women in higher Education management”, Paris UNESCO
Commonwealth Secretariat.
Davidson, M. J., & Burke, R. J. (2004). Women in Management Worldwide:
Facts,Figures and Analysis-An Overview. In M. J. Davidson & R. J. Burke (Eds.),
Women in Management Worldwide: Facts, Figures and Analysis (pp. 1-15).London: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
EOWA, (2006).2006 EOWA Australian Census of Women in Leadership. Sydney.
Federal Glass Ceiling Commission (1995), Good for Business: Making full use of the
Nations Human Capital, Federal Glass Ceiling Commission, Washington, DC.
FagensonE. (Eds), Women in management: trends, Issues and Challenges in Managerial Diversity, Sage, Newsbury Park, CA: 52-96.
Glasser, S. (2005), “The conundrum of the glass ceiling “Economist, Vol.376, Issues
, July 21st 2005,63-65
Gold, J., & Veale, C., (2001) Smashing into the glass ceiling for women managers,
Journal of Management Development, Vol. 18 (4) pp: 17-26
Hennig, M. and Jardim, A. (1977),The managerial Woman, Anchor Press/Doubleday,
Garden city, NY.